Monday, February 6, 2017

Fixed-Wing Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) Report Regarding Coastal Monitoring Applications



UAS platforms are being increasingly utilized for various applications on coast lines. Coastal UAS operations include, but are not limited to, monitoring the stability of a coastline’s erosion, measuring the impact of flooding and other natural disasters, assessing cliff stability, applying data gained from coastal UAS operations to assist insurance agencies, communities, local environmental government agencies, such as the Department of Natural Resources (DNR), monitoring coastal vegetation, and assisting the Coast Guard. New applications (as well as platforms) arise, seemingly on a daily basis.   Deciding which one is right for you can be difficult.

This report is intended to be consultative in nature, comparing a few different fixed-wing UAS tiers and platforms and is thus, not comprehensive. When one thinks of UAS platforms, more commonly referred to as “drones,” one may immediately picture a multi-rotor platform. While there are many multi-rotor platforms that can satisfy many different commercial coastline UAS applications, fixed-wing platforms are generally faster, can cover a larger area, are typically more stable in high wind coastal areas, and enjoy longer flight times, so they will remain the focus in this report. Every platform decision regarding an intended UAS application should involve careful consideration. This report intends to help make that decision, be an informed one for you.

The platforms contained in this report are cost-tiered in ascending order. Many platforms have been researched and the following highlight one recommended platform for each tier. The tiers are Hobbyist, Mid-Level Commercial and High Level Commercial, respectively, and the complexity of the application the UAS platform is intended for has a direct, positive correlation with said tiers. Therein, information regarding their sensors (and potential sensors), mission planning software, range, flight time, top speed and other distinctive characteristics can be found, as well as what type of coastline UAS application may be best for each platform and tier.

Safety and adherence to all local, federal (FAA), national, international and maritime laws are imperative to successful UAS missions.





Hobbyist




MSRP: $1,299.00 USD (includes Parrot DISCO, Skycontroller 2, and Cockpit Glasses)

Sensors: Camera 14MP; Video 1080P HD; Altimeter; Ultrasound Sensor, Vertical Camera

Mission Planning Software: Parrot C.H.U.C.K. (Control Hub & Universal Computer Kit)

                The Parrot C.H.U.C.K. utilizes multiple sensors to assist with an automatic take-off and landing as well as assisted piloting.

Range: 1.2 mi (1.6km)

Flight Time: 45 minutes

Top Speed: 50mhp (80.5kph)

Distinctive Characteristics: Lightweight, compact, powerful.

The Parrot DISCO FPV has an aerodynamic and aesthetically pleasing shape. It is made from expanded polypropylene (EPP) and carbon tubes. It can be set up and ready for pre-flight procedures within 3 minutes. Once set up, the drone weighs in at 1.6lbs. While not recommended, additional sensors can be fitted onto the DISCO’s EPP frame. Doing so would require careful consideration so as not to greatly impact the aerodynamic qualities of the aircraft, would need to be extremely lightweight, and come with an understanding that any warranty would be voided. Modifications of this nature are much more effective and appropriate in the other tiers.
                While piloting can be done viewing through the cockpit with your smartphone or tablet mounted on the controller, flying the Parrot DISCO FPV is a much more immersive experience when coupled with the Parrot Skycontroller 2 and the Parrot Cockpit glasses. The pilot inserts the iOS or Android smartphone into the Parrot Cockpit Glasses to do so.
                The Parrot DISCO FPV is also compatible with the FreeFlight Pro application available for free on the AppStore and on Google Play. Users can record and store data of each flight and give them access to ‘Flight Plan’ to create automatic flights.
                This tier of fixed-wing UAS is going to be most typically associated with cinematic applications. Good uses include making travel/promotional videos, scenic photography, golf course fly-over hole previews, and various real estate promotional applications.





Mid-Level Commercial




MSRP: $15,180.00 USD 

Sensors: Avionics Sensors, Communications Hardware, Viewport Kit, Data Kit

Mission Planning Software: Flare™ ground station software suite

Range: 3+ mi (+4.8km); 10,000ft ceiling

Flight Time: 90 minutes

Distinctive Characteristics: Amphibious work-horse

When considering coastal UAS applications, amphibious platforms can offer unique versatility. Being able to land and recover a UAS on water adds functionality to applications. The F7200 models are made out of rugged composite materials and are much more durable than hobbyist level foams. They can be flown in various weather conditions as well.
                Nova F7200 models are equipped with The Fusion™, which are advanced Digital Single-Lens Reflex (DSLR)-based photogrammetric mapping payloads. All sensor data synchronizes to the microsecond and the on-board embedded computing and storage allows for comprehensive QA/QC throughout the process of data-acquisition. The payloads are swappable and can be customized to each mission. Data from Altavian multi-rotor platforms can be easily combined with data obtained from the Nova F7200 series.
                Altavian offers training packages as well. Training includes an instructor-led courses and 3 days of in-person training.
                While this tier of fixed-wing UAS is able to do everything a hobbyist level drone can do and more, using one for cinematic applications is overkill. Some good uses include mapping, monitoring coastal erosion and cliff stability, measuring the impact of flooding and other natural disasters, providing communities, insurance companies and/or financial institutions with inspection and investment data, and monitoring coastal vegetation.





High-Level Commercial




MSRP: Customizable; starts at $50,000.00 USD

Sensors: Epsilon 135 Gyro Stabilized Payload. Options include HD daylight and 640x480 Infrared night sensor; Onboard integrated image processor unit; H.264-encoded video in up to 720p HD

Operational Radius: 60 mi (96.6km); 15,000ft. Mean Sea Level (MSL) ceiling

Mission Planning Software: Piccolo Cloud Cap Technology Autopilot System

Flight Time: Over 20 hours

Top Speed: 32m/s / 62.2 knots (max level speed); 19-22 m/s / 37-43 knots (cruise speed)

Distinctive Characteristics: Can do it all.

The Penguin C UAV is equipped with a self-regulating, 28cc fuel-injected engine with a 100W onboard generator system that handles up to 55lbs takeoff weight. It is intended for long endurance and long range use. The system includes two UAVs, a ground control station, a tracking antenna system, and pneumatic launched and ground support equipment.
                UAV Factory also provides 15 day mission planning, flight operation and equipment maintenance training. The vehicles are fully autonomous and the ground control station is it's own robust platform.
                The Penguin C has many safety features. It allows pilots to be runway-independent with a catapult take-off, and includes a parachute recovery system (which includes Recovery Estimator software). Operator-caused errors can be avoided with Penguin Copilot software as well, which automatically executes safety decisions, utilizing its own integrated safety tree. All said features are autonomous.
                With over 20 hours of flight time and a 60 mile operational radius at your disposal, applications of the highest complexity are capable with this platform. In addition to missions mid-level drones can carry out, the Penguin C is capable of much more. The Penguin C has third party payload compatibility. With the right payload, it can assist military entities execute search and rescue, reconnaissance and surveillance missions.

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